Analysing Early Motherhood Trends in India: A Comprehensive Examination Using Joinpoint and Age Period Cohort Analysis

Alex Carvalho, Kle University
Mayank Singh, Kle University

Introduction: Early motherhood remains a significant concern in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in South Asia. In India, despite a decline in prevalence, early motherhood continues to pose health risks for both mothers and children. This study examines patterns and determinants of early motherhood in India using Age-Period-Cohort (APC) analysis to explore age, time period, and generational influences. Data and Methods: Data were sourced from five rounds of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) from 1992-2021, including 1,188,177 women aged 21-49. Early motherhood was defined as childbirth before age 21. Socioeconomic and demographic factors such as residence, religion, caste, wealth index, education, and media exposure were analyzed. Statistical Analysis: Bivariate analysis, joinpoint regression, and APC analysis were conducted. Joinpoint regression identified trends over time, while APC analysis decomposed the effects of age, period, and cohort on early motherhood prevalence. Results: Early motherhood declined significantly, especially between 2005-2015. Age and period effects showed a consistent reduction, with more recent cohorts experiencing lower risk. Variations were observed by education, wealth, and residence. Conclusion: Despite overall progress in reducing early motherhood, disparities persist across socioeconomic groups. Targeted interventions and monitoring are essential to address these challenges.

Keywords: Fertility, Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, Health and Morbidity, Family Planning and Contraception

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