Gender Differences in Snakebite Prevalence, Mortality, and Case Fatality Rates: Evidence from India

Renuka Asagi, Karnatak University Dharwad
Javeed A. Golandaj, Population Research Centre, Dharwad, India
Jyoti S. Hallad, Population Research Centre, Dharwad, India
Channabasappa Noolvi, Yes
Mallikarju Kampli, Population Research Centre, JSS Institute of Economic Research, Dharwad

Background: Snakebite is a significant public health issue in India. Previous studies highlighted regional variations, but gender-based differences remain underexplored. This study investigates gender differences in snakebite prevalence, mortality, and case fatality rates (CFRs) in India. Methods: The study analyzed snakebites data from 2017-20 and projected populations to estimate key metrics. To handle the zero, a continuity correction of 0.5 was applied. Relative risk (RR) and confidence intervals (CIs) were used. Results: Findings revealed a significantly higher snakebite prevalence among males (13.8 vs. 9.2 per 100,000; RR=1.50, p<0.001), highlighting a consistent gender disparity across regions and states/UTs, with males more affected than females. Mortality rates were also higher among males (RR=1.41, p=0.002), particularly in the Southern region, where snakebite prevalence was highest. However, the overall CFR was similar between genders (males: 0.68, females: 0.72, RR=0.94, p<0.001), but substantial regional variations were observed. The Northeast had a significantly higher CFR for males (RR=15.03, p<0.001), while other regions showed mixed gender patterns. Conclusion: The study highlights the need for gender-sensitive public health interventions, especially in high-prevalence areas, and emphasizes the role of occupational and geographical factors in snakebite risk and outcomes.

Keywords: Gender Dynamics, Health and Morbidity

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