Shifting Patterns of Time Use in India: Insights from the 1998 and 2019 Time Use Surveys

Neelkamal Kalita, International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS)

Background: Despite India's rapid economic growth over the past two decades, female labor force participation (FLFP) has remained low, especially in rural areas. Analyzing time-use data from 1998 and 2019, this study examines the decline in work hours for women, particularly in rural regions, and the corresponding increase in leisure time. Labor trends are influenced by gender norms and structural changes, such as mechanization. Methodology: The time-use surveys from 1998–99 and 2019 used similar methodologies, including a 24-hour recall and two-stage sampling. Both surveys are state and sector-representative, capturing paid and unpaid activities for individuals aged six and older. This analysis focuses on men and women aged 25–59, using descriptive statistics to assess labor force participation changes. Results: The data shows a significant decline in women’s System of National Accounts (SNA) work, especially in rural areas, with a larger decrease in paid work compared to urban areas. Men’s work hours also fell but were offset by increases in self-employment. Leisure time rose for both genders. Conclusion: From 1998 to 2019, women’s work patterns changed significantly, with reduced SNA and paid work, particularly in rural areas. Men adapted by increasing self-employment. Overall, gendered labor patterns and sectoral shifts are evident, alongside a U-shaped trend in women's work by income level.

Keywords: Inequality, Disadvantage and Discrimination, Human Capital, Education, and Work, Population Policies, Economic Demography

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