Exploring Socio-Economic and Cultural Barriers to Safe Menstrual Hygiene Practices in India

Sudeshna Ghosh, Independent Consultant
NITIN DATTA, Icrw

Menstrual hygiene in India faces significant challenges due to socio-economic and cultural barriers, impacting women’s health and quality of life. This paper investigates how socio-economic status and cultural practices influence the adoption of hygienic menstrual products over traditional, unhygienic alternatives. Utilizing fifth National Family Health Survey (2019–2021) data which surveyed 241,175 women aged 15–24 across India menstrual hygiene practices and associated factors were analyzed. Findings reveal that unhygienic practices, such as using cloth, are prevalent in economically disadvantaged areas, with 52% of women reporting at least one unhygienic method. Unhygienic practices are notably lower among younger, married, urban, Hindu, and Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe women. Less education, economic hardship, and limited mass media exposure increase the likelihood of unhygienic practices. However, interactions with community health workers significantly promote the use of hygienic methods. Social taboos, including restrictions on bathing during menstruation, further complicate menstrual hygiene management. Addressing these issues requires a multifaceted approach, improving access to affordable menstrual products, enhancing sanitation infrastructure, and promoting comprehensive education and supportive policies to ensure equitable menstrual health management.

Keywords: Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights, Children, Adolescents, and Youth, Population and Development

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